Sodium (Sodium Chloride): This is the primary electrolyte lost through sweat. The latest scientific literature confirms that sodium deficiency is the main cause of cramps in "salty sweaters" (athletes who show white residue on their skin after exertion). Recommended supplementation ranges between 500 mg and 1000 mg per hour of intense activity.
TRP Agonists (Transient Receptor Potential Agonists): These include compounds such as capsaicin or ginger extract. They do not act directly on the muscles but on receptors in the mouth and esophagus to send a signal to the central nervous system that "resets" the cramp reflex. They are considered the fastest-acting remedies in the acute phase.
High-Glycemic Index Carbohydrates: Muscle fatigue resulting from glycogen depletion is a primary cause of neuromuscular cramps. Maintaining a constant intake of 60-90g/h of carbohydrates is a fundamental preventive strategy.